Writing about the Icarus Myth

the fall of icarus

Pieter Brueghel, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (c. 1558)

Musee des Beaux Arts [1940] - W. H. Auden (1907-1973)

About suffering they were never wrong,
The Old Masters: how well they understood
Its human position; how it takes place
While someone else is eating or opening a window or just walking dully along;
How, when the aged are reverently, passionately waiting
For the miraculous birth, there must always be
Children who did not specially want it to happen, skating
On a pond at the edge of the wood:
They never forgot
That even the dreadful martyrdom must run its course
anyhow in a corner, some untidy spot
Where dogs go on with their doggy life and the torturer's horse
Scratches its innocent behind on a tree.

In Brueghel's Icarus,for instance: how everything turns away
Quite leisurely from the disaster; the ploughman may
have heard the splash, the foresaken cry,
But for him it was not an important failure; the sun shone
As it had to on the white legs disappearing into the green
Water; and the expensive delicate ship that must have seen
Something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky,
Had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on.

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus [1962]
William Carlos Williams (1883-1963)

According to Brueghel
when Icarus fell
it was spring

a farmer was ploughing
his field
the whole pageantry

of the year was
awake tingling
near

the edge of the sea
concerned
with itself

sweating in the sun
that melted
the wings' wax

unsignificantly
off the coast
there was

a splash quite unnoticed
this was
Icarus drowning

Icarus [1989] - Edward Field (1924-  )

Showed that anything more spectacular had occurred
Than the usual drowning. The police preferred to ignore
The confusing aspects of the case,
And the witnesses ran off to a gang war.
So the report filed and forgotten in the archives read simply
"Drowned," but it was wrong: Icarus
Had swum away, coming at last to the city
Where he rented a house and tended the garden.

"That nice Mr. Hicks" the neighbors called him,
Never dreaming that the gray, respectable suit
Concealed arms that had controlled huge wings
Nor that those sad, defeated eyes had once
Compelled the sun. And had he told them
They would have answered with a shocked, uncomprehending stare.
No, he could not disturb their neat front yards;
Yet all his books insisted that this was a horrible mistake: What was he doing aging in a suburb?
Can the genius of the hero fall
To the middling stature of the merely talented?

And nightly Icarus probes his wound
And daily in his workshop, curtains carefully drawn,
Constructs small wings and tries to fly
To the lighting fixture on the ceiling:
Fails every time and hates himself for trying.

He had thought himself a hero, had acted heroically,
And now dreamt of his fall, the tragic fall of the hero;
But now rides commuter trains,
Serves on various committees,
And wishes he had drowned.

hans bol's icarus falling

Hans Bol , Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (c. 1565)

To A Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph [1962] - Anne Sexton (1928-1974)

Consider Icarus, pasting those sticky wings on,
testing this strange little tug at his shoulder blade,
and think of that first flawless moment over the lawn
of the labyrinth. Think of the difference it made!
There below are the trees, as awkward as camels;
and here are the shocked starlings pumping past
and think of innocent Icarus who is doing quite well:
larger than a sail, over the fog and the blast
of the plushy ocean, he goes. Admire his wings!
Feel the fire at his neck and see how casually
he glances up and is caught, wondrously tunneling
into that hot eye. Who cares that he fell back to the sea?
See him acclaiming the sun and come plunging down
while his sensible daddy goes straight into town.

Topics for writing about the Icarus myth and the poems and paintings it has inspired:

1] In classical Greek times, people understood the Icarus myth to be a warning about hubris, one definition for which meant elevating oneself to the place of the gods, in other words, to fancy oneself to be like a god.  The gods did not like this sort of arrogance from mortals and would punish them for their hubris, therefore, “keeping them in their place.”  Icarus receives his consequences for literally “flying in the face of the gods” when Helios (the sun god) melts the wax on his wings so that Poseidon (the sea god) consumes him. In more modern times the story connotes flying in the face of “authority” or overstepping one’s bounds. What examples in your own life or in the real world could this myth be compared to either in its historical context or in the contemporary context?

2] Brueghel’s painting and these four poems about it show people going on with their business without taking note of Icarus’s dire circumstance as he plunges to his death. Have you ever found out later about someone who was in dire circumstances that you weren’t aware of until it was too late?  Tell about what happened and what you wish you had done if you had known.

3] Which of the four poems tells, retells or reuses the myth of Icarus the best in your opinion?  Support your opinion by stating what happens in that poem, and compare that to what happens to him or how he is referred to in the others.

4] In Flemish artist Hans Bol’s (1534-1593) painting, people are watching the fall and they are frightened.  In its historical context (where hubris means “flying in the face of the gods”), how is his interpretation different from Breughel’s depiction, and why would the onlookers be frightened? Describe what happens in the two paintings and discuss the different meanings that are depicted.


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